Inter prediction mode-based image processing method and apparatus therefor

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are an inter prediction mode-based image processing method and an apparatus therefor. Particularly, a method for processing an image on the basis of inter prediction may comprise the steps of: determining whether a motion vector scale adaptation is applied to a block; up-scaling a down-scaled MVD (Motion Vector Difference) when the motion vector scale adaptation is applied to the block; deriving a MV (Motion Vector) for the block, using the up-scaled MVD and a MVP (Motion Vector Predictor); and generating a predictive block of the block, using the derived MV.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the National Stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 ofInternational Application No. PCT/KR2016/002037, filed on Feb. 29, 2016,which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/208,830,filed on Aug. 24, 2015 and No. 62/213,627, filed on Sep. 3, 2015 thecontents of which are all hereby incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method of processing a still image ora moving image and, more particularly, to a method of encoding/decodinga still image or a moving image based on an inter-prediction mode and anapparatus supporting the same.

BACKGROUND ART

Compression encoding means a series of signal processing techniques fortransmitting digitized information through a communication line ortechniques for storing information in a form suitable for a storagemedium. The medium including a picture, an image, audio, etc. may be atarget for compression encoding, and particularly, a technique forperforming compression encoding on a picture is referred to as videoimage compression.

Next-generation video contents are supposed to have the characteristicsof high spatial resolution, a high frame rate and high dimensionality ofscene representation. In order to process such contents, a drasticincrease in the memory storage, memory access rate and processing powerwill result.

Accordingly, it is required to design a coding tool for processingnext-generation video contents efficiently.

DISCLOSURE Technical Problem

The present invention proposes a method of adaptively changing the scaleof motion vector-related information in an inter-prediction (orinter-picture prediction) process.

Furthermore, the present invention proposes a method of grouping motionvector differences into sections and binary-encoding the motion vectordifferences.

Technical objects to be achieved by the present invention are notlimited to the aforementioned technical objects, and other technicalobjects not described above may be evidently understood by a personhaving ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertainsfrom the following description.

Technical Solution

In an aspect of the present invention, a method of processing an imagebased on inter-prediction may include the steps of determining whethermotion vector scale adaptation for a block is applied, up-scaling adown-scaled MVD (Motion Vector Difference) if the motion vector scaleadaptation for the block is applied, deriving a MV (Motion Vector) forthe block using the up-scaled MVD and a MVP (Motion Vector Predictor),and generating a prediction block of the block using the derived MV.

In an aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for processing animage based on inter-prediction may include a motion vector scaleadaptation application determination unit determining whether motionvector scale adaptation for a block is applied, a motion parameterdecoding unit up-scaling a down-scaled MVD (Motion Vector Difference) ifthe motion vector scale adaptation for the block is applied and derivinga MV (Motion Vector) for the block using the up-scaled MVD and a MVP(Motion Vector Predictor), and a prediction block generation unitgenerating a prediction block of the block using the derived MV.

Preferably, the down-scaled MVD may be generated by applying at leastany one of round, floor, and ceiling operations to a value obtained bysubtracting the MVP from the MV.

Preferably, if a flag value indicating whether motion vector scaleadaptation is applied is 1, the motion vector scale adaptation for theblock may be determined to be applied.

Preferably, a flag indicating whether the motion vector scale adaptationis applied may be parsed only when the down-scaled MVD is not 0.

Preferably, the down-scaled MVD value may be grouped in units ofintervals and binary-encoded.

Preferably, the down-scaled MVD value may be encoded as a start value ofa interval to which the down-scaled MVD value belongs and indicationinformation for indicating the down-scaled MVD value within theinterval.

Preferably, the start value may be down-scaled at a ratio of the size ofthe interval and transmitted.

Preferably, the size of the interval may be previously determined ortransmitted by an encoder.

Preferably, the down-scaled MVD value may be grouped in units ofintervals and encoded only when the down-scaled MVD value is 2 or more.

Preferably, the size of the interval may be set to a square number of 2.

Advantageous Effects

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the absolutevalue of motion vector-related information can be reduced by adaptivelychanging the scale of motion vector-related information. As a result,the amount of additional information to be transmitted can be reduced.

Furthermore, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention,the amount of information used to encode a motion vector difference canbe reduced by grouping motion vector differences into specific intervalsand binary-encoding them. As a result, the amount of additionalinformation can be reduced.

Technical effects which may be obtained in the present invention are notlimited to the technical effects described above, and other technicaleffects not mentioned herein may be understood to those skilled in theart from the description below.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included herein as a part of thedescription for help understanding the present invention, provideembodiments of the present invention, and describe the technicalfeatures of the present invention with the description below.

FIG. 1 is illustrates a schematic block diagram of an encoder in whichthe encoding of a still image or video signal is performed, as anembodiment to which the present invention is applied.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic block diagram of a decoder in whichdecoding of a still image or video signal is performed, as an embodimentto which the present invention is applied.

FIG. 3 is a diagram for describing a split structure of a coding unitthat may be applied to the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagram for describing a prediction unit that may be appliedto the present invention.

FIG. 5 is an embodiment to which the present invention may be appliedand is a diagram illustrating the direction of inter-prediction.

FIG. 6 is an embodiment to which the present invention may be appliedand illustrates integers for ¼ sample interpolation and a fractionsample locations.

FIG. 7 is an embodiment to which the present invention may be appliedand illustrates the location of a spatial candidate.

FIG. 8 is an embodiment to which the present invention is applied and isa diagram illustrating an inter-prediction method.

FIG. 9 is an embodiment to which the present invention may be appliedand is a diagram illustrating a motion compensation process.

FIG. 10 illustrates a method of performing inter-prediction by applyingmotion vector scale adaptation according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 11 illustrates a method of performing inter-prediction using motionvector scale adaptation according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 12 illustrates a method of performing inter-prediction using motionvector scale adaptation according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 13 illustrates a method of performing inter-prediction using motionvector scale adaptation according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 14 illustrates a method of encoding/decoding a motion vectordifference according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 illustrates a method of encoding a motion vector differenceaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates a method of encoding a motion vector differenceaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an intra-prediction unit according toan embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an inter-prediction-based imageprocessing method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

MODE FOR INVENTION

Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will bedescribed by reference to the accompanying drawings. The descriptionthat will be described below with the accompanying drawings is todescribe exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and is notintended to describe the only embodiment in which the present inventionmay be implemented. The description below includes particular details inorder to provide perfect understanding of the present invention.However, it is understood that the present invention may be embodiedwithout the particular details to those skilled in the art.

In some cases, in order to prevent the technical concept of the presentinvention from being unclear, structures or devices which are publiclyknown may be omitted, or may be depicted as a block diagram centering onthe core functions of the structures or the devices.

Further, although general terms widely used currently are selected asthe terms in the present invention as much as possible, a term that isarbitrarily selected by the applicant is used in a specific case. Sincethe meaning of the term will be clearly described in the correspondingpart of the description in such a case, it is understood that thepresent invention will not be simply interpreted by the terms only usedin the description of the present invention, but the meaning of theterms should be figured out.

Specific terminologies used in the description below may be provided tohelp the understanding of the present invention. Furthermore, thespecific terminology may be modified into other forms within the scopeof the technical concept of the present invention. For example, asignal, data, a sample, a picture, a frame, a block, etc may be properlyreplaced and interpreted in each coding process.

Hereinafter, in this specification, a “processing unit” means a unit inwhich an encoding/decoding processing process, such as prediction,transform and/or quantization, is performed. Hereinafter, forconvenience of description, a processing unit may also be called a“unit”, “processing block” or “block.”

A processing unit may be construed as having a meaning including a unitfor a luma component and a unit for a chroma component. For example, aprocessing unit may correspond to a coding tree unit (CTU), a codingunit (CU), a prediction unit (PU) or a transform unit (TU).

Furthermore, a processing unit may be construed as being a unit for aluma component or a unit for a chroma component. For example, theprocessing unit may correspond to a coding tree block (CTB), codingblock (CB), prediction block (PB) or transform block (TB) for a lumacomponent. Alternatively, a processing unit may correspond to a codingtree block (CTB), coding block (CB), prediction block (PB) or transformblock (TB) for a chroma component.

Furthermore, a processing unit is not essentially limited to a squareblock and may be constructed in a polygon form having three or morevertices.

Furthermore, in this specification, the transmission or reception ofspecific data or information may be construed as including thecorresponding data or information within a bit stream including anencoded image and data related to encoding.

General Apparatus to which the Present Invention May be Applied

FIG. 1 is illustrates a schematic block diagram of an encoder in whichthe encoding of a still image or video signal is performed, as anembodiment to which the present invention is applied.

Referring to FIG. 1, the encoder 100 may include a video split unit 110,a subtractor 115, a transform unit 120, a quantization unit 130, adequantization unit 140, an inverse transform unit 150, a filtering unit160, a decoded picture buffer (DPB) 170, a prediction unit 180 and anentropy encoding unit 190. Furthermore, the prediction unit 180 mayinclude an inter-prediction unit 181 and an intra-prediction unit 182.

The video split unit 110 splits an input video signal (or picture orframe), input to the encoder 100, into one or more processing units.

The subtractor 115 generates a residual signal (or residual block) bysubtracting a prediction signal (or prediction block), output by theprediction unit 180 (i.e., by the inter-prediction unit 181 or theintra-prediction unit 182), from the input video signal. The generatedresidual signal (or residual block) is transmitted to the transform unit120.

The transform unit 120 generates transform coefficients by applying atransform scheme (e.g., discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete sinetransform (DST), graph-based transform (GBT) or Karhunen-Loeve transform(KLT)) to the residual signal (or residual block). In this case, thetransform unit 120 may generate transform coefficients by performingtransform using a prediction mode applied to the residual block and atransform scheme determined based on the size of the residual block.

The quantization unit 130 quantizes the transform coefficient andtransmits it to the entropy encoding unit 190, and the entropy encodingunit 190 performs an entropy coding operation of the quantized signaland outputs it as a bit stream.

Meanwhile, the quantized signal outputted by the quantization unit 130may be used to generate a prediction signal. For example, a residualsignal may be reconstructed by applying dequatization and inversetransformation to the quantized signal through the dequantization unit140 and the inverse transform unit 150. A reconstructed signal may begenerated by adding the reconstructed residual signal to the predictionsignal output by the inter-prediction unit 181 or the intra-predictionunit 182.

Meanwhile, during such a compression process, neighbor blocks arequantized by different quantization parameters. Accordingly, an artifactin which a block boundary is shown may occur. Such a phenomenon isreferred to a blocking artifact, which is one of important factors forevaluating image quality. In order to decrease such an artifact, afiltering process may be performed. Through such a filtering process,the blocking artifact is removed and the error of a current picture isdecreased at the same time, thereby improving image quality.

The filtering unit 160 applies filtering to the reconstructed signal,and outputs it through a playback device or transmits it to the decodedpicture buffer 170. The filtered signal transmitted to the decodedpicture buffer 170 may be used as a reference picture in theinter-prediction unit 181. As described above, an encoding rate as wellas image quality can be improved using the filtered picture as areference picture in an inter-picture prediction mode.

The decoded picture buffer 170 may store the filtered picture in orderto use it as a reference picture in the inter-prediction unit 181.

The inter-prediction unit 181 performs temporal prediction and/orspatial prediction with reference to the reconstructed picture in orderto remove temporal redundancy and/or spatial redundancy.

In particular, the inter-prediction unit 181 according to the presentinvention may derive a motion parameter by applying a motion vectorscale adaptation method. This is described in detail later.

In this case, a blocking artifact or ringing artifact may occur becausea reference picture used to perform prediction is a transformed signalthat experiences quantization or dequantization in a block unit when itis encoded/decoded previously.

Accordingly, in order to solve performance degradation attributable tothe discontinuity of such a signal or quantization, signals betweenpixels may be interpolated in a sub-pixel unit by applying a low passfilter to the inter-prediction unit 181. In this case, the sub-pixelmeans a virtual pixel generated by applying an interpolation filter, andan integer pixel means an actual pixel that is present in areconstructed picture. A linear interpolation, a bi-linearinterpolation, a wiener filter, and the like may be applied as aninterpolation method.

The interpolation filter may be applied to the reconstructed picture,and may improve the accuracy of prediction. For example, theinter-prediction unit 181 may perform prediction by generating aninterpolation pixel by applying the interpolation filter to the integerpixel and by using the interpolated block including interpolated pixelsas a prediction block.

The intra-prediction unit 182 predicts a current block with reference tosamples neighboring the block that is now to be encoded. Theintra-prediction unit 182 may perform the following procedure in orderto perform intra-prediction. First, the intra-prediction unit 182 mayprepare a reference sample necessary to generate a prediction signal.Furthermore, the intra-prediction unit 182 may generate a predictionsignal using the prepared reference sample. Next, the intra-predictionunit 182 may encode a prediction mode. In this case, the referencesample may be prepared through reference sample padding and/or referencesample filtering. A quantization error may be present because thereference sample experiences the prediction and the reconstructionprocess. Accordingly, in order to reduce such an error, a referencesample filtering process may be performed on each prediction mode usedfor the intra-prediction.

The prediction signal (or prediction block) generated through theinter-prediction unit 181 or the intra-prediction unit 182 may be usedto generate a reconstructed signal (or reconstructed block) or may beused to generate a residual signal (or residual block).

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic block diagram of a decoder in whichdecoding of a still image or video signal is performed, as an embodimentto which the present invention is applied.

Referring to FIG. 2, the decoder 200 may include an entropy decodingunit 210, a dequantization unit 220, an inverse transform unit 230, anadder 235, a filtering unit 240, a decoded picture buffer (DPB) 250 anda prediction unit 260. Furthermore, the prediction unit 260 may includean inter-prediction unit 261 and an intra-prediction unit 262.

Furthermore, a reconstructed video signal output through the decoder 200may be played back through a playback device.

The decoder 200 receives a signal (i.e., bit stream) output by theencoder 100 shown in FIG. 1. The entropy decoding unit 210 performs anentropy decoding operation on the received signal.

The dequantization unit 220 obtains transform coefficients from theentropy-decoded signal using quantization step size information.

The inverse transform unit 230 obtains a residual signal (or residualblock) by inverse transforming the transform coefficients by applying aninverse transform scheme.

The adder 235 adds the obtained residual signal (or residual block) tothe prediction signal (or prediction block) output by the predictionunit 260 (i.e., the inter-prediction unit 261 or the intra-predictionunit 262), thereby generating a reconstructed signal (or reconstructedblock).

The filtering unit 240 applies filtering to the reconstructed signal (orreconstructed block) and outputs the filtered signal to a playbackdevice or transmits the filtered signal to the decoded picture buffer250. The filtered signal transmitted to the decoded picture buffer 250may be used as a reference picture in the inter-prediction unit 261.

In this specification, the embodiments described in the filtering unit160, inter-prediction unit 181 and intra-prediction unit 182 of theencoder 100 may be identically applied to the filtering unit 240,inter-prediction unit 261 and intra-prediction unit 262 of the decoder,respectively.

In particular, the inter-prediction unit 261 according to the presentinvention may derive a motion parameter by applying a motion vectorscale adaptation method. This is described in detail later.

Processing Unit Split Structure

In general, a block-based image compression method is used in thecompression technique (e.g., HEVC) of a still image or a video. Theblock-based image compression method is a method of processing an imageby splitting it into specific block units, and may decrease memory useand a computational load.

FIG. 3 is a diagram for describing a split structure of a coding unitwhich may be applied to the present invention.

An encoder splits a single image (or picture) into coding tree units(CTUs) of a quadrangle form, and sequentially encodes the CTUs one byone according to raster scan order.

In HEVC, a size of CTU may be determined as one of 64×64, 32×32, and16×16. The encoder may select and use the size of a CTU based onresolution of an input video signal or the characteristics of inputvideo signal. The CTU includes a coding tree block (CTB) for a lumacomponent and the CTB for two chroma components that correspond to it.

One CTU may be split in a quad-tree structure. That is, one CTU may besplit into four units each having a square form and having a halfhorizontal size and a half vertical size, thereby being capable ofgenerating coding units (CUs). Such splitting of the quad-tree structuremay be recursively performed. That is, the CUs are hierarchically splitfrom one CTU in the quad-tree structure.

A CU means a basic unit for the processing process of an input videosignal, for example, coding in which intra/inter prediction isperformed. A CU includes a coding block (CB) for a luma component and aCB for two chroma components corresponding to the luma component. InHEVC, a CU size may be determined as one of 64×64, 32×32, 16×16, and8×8.

Referring to FIG. 3, the root node of a quad-tree is related to a CTU.The quad-tree is split until a leaf node is reached. The leaf nodecorresponds to a CU.

This is described in more detail. The CTU corresponds to the root nodeand has the smallest depth (i.e., depth=0) value. A CTU may not be splitdepending on the characteristics of an input video signal. In this case,the CTU corresponds to a CU.

A CTU may be split in a quad-tree form. As a result, lower nodes, thatis, a depth 1 (depth=1), are generated. Furthermore, a node (i.e., leafnode) that belongs to the lower nodes having the depth of 1 and that isno longer split corresponds to a CU. For example, in FIG. 3(b), a CU(a),a CU(b) and a CU(j) corresponding to nodes a, b and j have been oncesplit from the CTU, and have a depth of 1.

At least one of the nodes having the depth of 1 may be split in aquad-tree form. As a result, lower nodes having a depth 1 (i.e.,depth=2) are generated. Furthermore, a node (i.e., leaf node) thatbelongs to the lower nodes having the depth of 2 and that is no longersplit corresponds to a CU. For example, in FIG. 3(b), a CU(c), a CU(h)and a CU(i) corresponding to nodes c, h and i have been twice split fromthe CTU, and have a depth of 2.

Furthermore, at least one of the nodes having the depth of 2 may besplit in a quad-tree form again. As a result, lower nodes having a depth3 (i.e., depth=3) are generated. Furthermore, a node (i.e., leaf node)that belongs to the lower nodes having the depth of 3 and that is nolonger split corresponds to a CU. For example, in FIG. 3(b), a CU(d), aCU(e), a CU(f) and a CU(g) corresponding to nodes d, e, f and g havebeen three times split from the CTU, and have a depth of 3.

In the encoder, a maximum size or minimum size of a CU may be determinedbased on the characteristics of a video image (e.g., resolution) or byconsidering the encoding rate. Furthermore, information about themaximum or minimum size or information capable of deriving theinformation may be included in a bit stream. A CU having a maximum sizeis referred to as the largest coding unit (LCU), and a CU having aminimum size is referred to as the smallest coding unit (SCU).

In addition, a CU having a tree structure may be hierarchically splitwith predetermined maximum depth information (or maximum levelinformation). Furthermore, each split CU may have depth information.Since the depth information represents a split count and/or degree of aCU, it may include information about the size of a CU.

Since the LCU is split in a Quad-tree shape, the size of SCU may beobtained by using a size of LCU and the maximum depth information. Or,inversely, the size of LCU may be obtained by using a size of SCU andthe maximum depth information of the tree.

For a single CU, the information (e.g., a split CU flag (split_cu_flag))that represents whether the corresponding CU is split may be forwardedto the decoder. This split information is included in all CUs except theSCU. For example, when the value of the flag that represents whether tosplit is ‘1’, the corresponding CU is further split into four CUs, andwhen the value of the flag that represents whether to split is ‘0’, thecorresponding CU is not split any more, and the processing process forthe corresponding CU may be performed.

As described above, a CU is a basic unit of the coding in which theintra-prediction or the inter-prediction is performed. The HEVC splitsthe CU in a prediction unit (PU) for coding an input video signal moreeffectively.

A PU is a basic unit for generating a prediction block, and even in asingle CU, the prediction block may be generated in different way by aunit of PU. However, the intra-prediction and the inter-prediction arenot used together for the PUs that belong to a single CU, and the PUsthat belong to a single CU are coded by the same prediction method(i.e., the intra-prediction or the inter-prediction).

A PU is not split in the Quad-tree structure, but is split once in asingle CU in a predetermined shape. This will be described by referenceto the drawing below.

FIG. 4 is a diagram for describing a prediction unit that may be appliedto the present invention.

A PU is differently split depending on whether the intra-prediction modeis used or the inter-prediction mode is used as the coding mode of theCU to which the PU belongs.

FIG. 4(a) illustrates a PU if the intra-prediction mode is used, andFIG. 4(b) illustrates a PU if the inter-prediction mode is used.

Referring to FIG. 4(a), assuming that the size of a single CU is 2N×2N(N=4, 8, 16 and 32), the single CU may be split into two types (i.e.,2N×2N or N×N).

In this case, if a single CU is split into the PU of 2N×2N shape, itmeans that only one PU is present in a single CU.

Meanwhile, if a single CU is split into the PU of N×N shape, a single CUis split into four PUs, and different prediction blocks are generatedfor each PU unit. However, such PU splitting may be performed only ifthe size of CB for the luma component of CU is the minimum size (i.e.,the case that a CU is an SCU).

Referring to FIG. 4(b), assuming that the size of a single CU is 2N×2N(N=4, 8, 16 and 32), a single CU may be split into eight PU types (i.e.,2N×2N, N×N, 2N×N, N×2N, nL×2N, nR×2N, 2N×nU and 2N×nD)

As in the intra-prediction, the PU split of N×N shape may be performedonly if the size of CB for the luma component of CU is the minimum size(i.e., the case that a CU is an SCU).

The inter-prediction supports the PU split in the shape of 2N×N that issplit in a horizontal direction and in the shape of N×2N that is splitin a vertical direction.

In addition, the inter-prediction supports the PU split in the shape ofnL×2N, nR×2N, 2N×nU and 2N×nD, which is an asymmetric motion split(AMP). In this case, ‘n’ means ¼ value of 2N. However, the AMP may notbe used if the CU to which the PU is belonged is the CU of minimum size.

In order to encode the input video signal in a single CTU efficiently,the optimal split structure of the coding unit (CU), the prediction unit(PU) and the transform unit (TU) may be determined based on a minimumrate-distortion value through the processing process as follows. Forexample, as for the optimal CU split process in a 64×64 CTU, therate-distortion cost may be calculated through the split process from aCU of 64×64 size to a CU of 8×8 size. The detailed process is asfollows.

1) The optimal split structure of a PU and TU that generates the minimumrate distortion value is determined by performinginter/intra-prediction, transformation/quantization,dequantization/inverse transformation and entropy encoding on the CU of64×64 size.

2) The optimal split structure of a PU and TU is determined to split the64×64 CU into four CUs of 32×32 size and to generate the minimum ratedistortion value for each 32×32 CU.

3) The optimal split structure of a PU and TU is determined to furthersplit the 32×32 CU into four CUs of 16×16 size and to generate theminimum rate distortion value for each 16×16 CU.

4) The optimal split structure of a PU and TU is determined to furthersplit the 16×16 CU into four CUs of 8×8 size and to generate the minimumrate distortion value for each 8×8 CU.

5) The optimal split structure of a CU in the 16×16 block is determinedby comparing the rate-distortion value of the 16×16 CU obtained in theprocess 3) with the addition of the rate-distortion value of the four8×8 CUs obtained in the process 4). This process is also performed forremaining three 16×16 CUs in the same manner.

6) The optimal split structure of CU in the 32×32 block is determined bycomparing the rate-distortion value of the 32×32 CU obtained in theprocess 2) with the addition of the rate-distortion value of the four16×16 CUs that is obtained in the process 5). This process is alsoperformed for remaining three 32×32 CUs in the same manner.

7) Finally, the optimal split structure of CU in the 64×64 block isdetermined by comparing the rate-distortion value of the 64×64 CUobtained in the process 1) with the addition of the rate-distortionvalue of the four 32×32 CUs obtained in the process 6).

In the intra-prediction mode, a prediction mode is selected as a PUunit, and prediction and reconstruction are performed on the selectedprediction mode in an actual TU unit.

A TU means a basic unit in which actual prediction and reconstructionare performed. A TU includes a transform block (TB) for a luma componentand a TB for two chroma components corresponding to the luma component.

In the example of FIG. 3, as in an example in which one CTU is split inthe quad-tree structure to generate a CU, a TU is hierarchically splitfrom one CU to be coded in the quad-tree structure.

TUs split from a CU may be split into smaller and lower TUs because a TUis split in the quad-tree structure. In HEVC, the size of a TU may bedetermined to be as one of 32×32, 16×16, 8×8 and 4×4.

Referring back to FIG. 3, the root node of a quad-tree is assumed to berelated to a CU. The quad-tree is split until a leaf node is reached,and the leaf node corresponds to a TU.

This is described in more detail. A CU corresponds to a root node andhas the smallest depth (i.e., depth=0) value. A CU may not be splitdepending on the characteristics of an input image. In this case, the CUcorresponds to a TU.

A CU may be split in a quad-tree form. As a result, lower nodes having adepth 1 (depth=1) are generated. Furthermore, a node (i.e., leaf node)that belongs to the lower nodes having the depth of 1 and that is nolonger split corresponds to a TU. For example, in FIG. 3(b), a TU(a), aTU(b) and a TU(j) corresponding to the nodes a, b and j are once splitfrom a CU and have a depth of 1.

At least one of the nodes having the depth of 1 may be split in aquad-tree form again. As a result, lower nodes having a depth 2 (i.e.,depth=2) are generated. Furthermore, a node (i.e., leaf node) thatbelongs to the lower nodes having the depth of 2 and that is no longersplit corresponds to a TU. For example, in FIG. 3(b), a TU(c), a TU(h)and a TU(i) corresponding to the node c, h and I have been split twicefrom the CU and have the depth of 2.

Furthermore, at least one of the nodes having the depth of 2 may besplit in a quad-tree form again. As a result, lower nodes having a depth3 (i.e., depth=3) are generated. Furthermore, a node (i.e., leaf node)that belongs to the lower nodes having the depth of 3 and that is nolonger split corresponds to a CU. For example, in FIG. 3(b), a TU(d), aTU(e), a TU(f) and a TU(g) corresponding to the nodes d, e, f and g havebeen three times split from the CU and have the depth of 3.

A TU having a tree structure may be hierarchically split withpredetermined maximum depth information (or maximum level information).Furthermore, each spit TU may have depth information. The depthinformation may include information about the size of the TU because itindicates the split number and/or degree of the TU.

Information (e.g., a split TU flag “split_transform_flag”) indicatingwhether a corresponding TU has been split with respect to one TU may betransferred to the decoder. The split information is included in all ofTUs other than a TU of a minimum size. For example, if the value of theflag indicating whether a TU has been split is “1”, the corresponding TUis split into four TUs. If the value of the flag indicating whether a TUhas been split is “0”, the corresponding TU is no longer split.

Prediction

In order to reconstruct a current processing unit on which decoding isperformed, the decoded part of a current picture or other picturesincluding the current processing unit may be used.

A picture (slice) using only a current picture for reconstruction, thatis, on which only intra-prediction is performed, may be called anintra-picture or I picture (slice), a picture (slice) using a maximum ofone motion vector and reference index in order to predict each unit maybe called a predictive picture or P picture (slice), and a picture(slice) using a maximum of two motion vector and reference indices maybe called a bi-predictive picture or B a picture (slice).

Intra-prediction means a prediction method of deriving a currentprocessing block from the data element (e.g., a sample value) of thesame decoded picture (or slice). That is, intra-prediction means amethod of predicting the pixel value of a current processing block withreference to reconstructed regions within a current picture.

Hereinafter, inter-prediction is described in more detail.

Inter-Prediction (or Inter-Frame Prediction)

Inter-prediction means a prediction method of deriving a currentprocessing block based on the data element (e.g., sample value or motionvector) of a picture other than a current picture. That is,inter-prediction means a method of predicting the pixel value of acurrent processing block with reference to reconstructed regions withinanother reconstructed picture other than a current picture.

Inter-prediction (or inter-picture prediction) is a technology forremoving redundancy present between pictures and is chiefly performedthrough motion estimation and motion compensation.

FIG. 5 is an embodiment to which the present invention may be appliedand is a diagram illustrating the direction of inter-prediction.

Referring to FIG. 5, inter-prediction may be divided into uni-directionprediction in which only one past picture or future picture is used as areference picture on a time axis with respect to a single block andbi-directional prediction in which both the past and future pictures arereferred at the same time.

Furthermore, the uni-direction prediction may be divided into forwarddirection prediction in which a single reference picture temporallydisplayed (or output) prior to a current picture is used and backwarddirection prediction in which a single reference picture temporallydisplayed (or output) after a current picture is used.

In the inter-prediction process (i.e., uni-direction or bi-directionalprediction), a motion parameter (or information) used to specify whichreference region (or reference block) is used in predicting a currentblock includes an inter-prediction mode (in this case, theinter-prediction mode may indicate a reference direction (i.e.,uni-direction or bidirectional) and a reference list (i.e., L0, L1 orbidirectional)), a reference index (or reference picture index orreference list index), and motion vector information. The motion vectorinformation may include a motion vector, motion vector prediction (MVP)or a motion vector difference (MVD). The motion vector difference meansa difference between a motion vector and a motion vector predictor.

In the uni-direction prediction, a motion parameter for one-sidedirection is used. That is, one motion parameter may be necessary tospecify a reference region (or reference block).

In the bi-directional prediction, a motion parameter for both directionsis used. In the bi-directional prediction method, a maximum of tworeference regions may be used. The two reference regions may be presentin the same reference picture or may be present in different pictures.That is, in the bi-directional prediction method, a maximum of twomotion parameters may be used. Two motion vectors may have the samereference picture index or may have different reference picture indices.In this case, the reference pictures may be displayed temporally priorto a current picture or may be displayed (or output) temporally after acurrent picture.

The encoder performs motion estimation in which a reference region mostsimilar to a current processing block is searched for in referencepictures in an inter-prediction process. Furthermore, the encoder mayprovide the decoder with a motion parameter for a reference region.

The encoder/decoder may obtain the reference region of a currentprocessing block using a motion parameter. The reference region ispresent in a reference picture having a reference index. Furthermore,the pixel value or interpolated value of a reference region specified bya motion vector may be used as the predictor of a current processingblock. That is, motion compensation in which an image of a currentprocessing block is predicted from a previously decoded picture isperformed using motion information.

In order to reduce the transfer rate related to motion vectorinformation, a method of obtaining a motion vector predictor (mvd) usingmotion information of previously decoded blocks and transmitting onlythe corresponding difference (mvd) may be used. That is, the decodercalculates the motion vector predictor of a current processing blockusing motion information of other decoded blocks and obtains a motionvector value for the current processing block using a difference fromthe encoder. In obtaining the motion vector predictor, the decoder mayobtain various motion vector candidate values using motion informationof other already decoded blocks, and may obtain one of the variousmotion vector candidate values as a motion vector predictor.

Reference Picture Set and Reference Picture List

In order to manage multiple reference pictures, a set of previouslydecoded pictures are stored in the decoded picture buffer (DPB) for thedecoding of the remaining pictures.

A reconstructed picture that belongs to reconstructed pictures stored inthe DPB and that is used for inter-prediction is called a referencepicture. In other words, a reference picture means a picture including asample that may be used for inter-prediction in the decoding process ofa next picture in a decoding sequence.

A reference picture set (RPS) means a set of reference picturesassociated with a picture, and includes all of previously associatedpictures in the decoding sequence. A reference picture set may be usedfor the inter-prediction of an associated picture or a picture followinga picture in the decoding sequence. That is, reference pictures retainedin the decoded picture buffer (DPB) may be called a reference pictureset. The encoder may provide the decoder with a sequence parameter set(SPS) (i.e., a syntax structure having a syntax element) or referencepicture set information in each slice header.

A reference picture list means a list of reference pictures used for theinter-prediction of a P picture (or slice) or a B picture (or slice). Inthis case, the reference picture list may be divided into two referencepictures lists, which may be called a reference picture list 0 (or L0)and a reference picture list 1 (or L1). Furthermore, a reference picturebelonging to the reference picture list 0 may be called a referencepicture 0 (or L0 reference picture), and a reference picture belongingto the reference picture list 1 may be called a reference picture 1 (orL1 reference picture).

In the decoding process of the P picture (or slice), one referencepicture list (i.e., the reference picture list 0). In the decodingprocess of the B picture (or slice), two reference pictures lists (i.e.,the reference picture list 0 and the reference picture list 1) may beused. Information for distinguishing between such reference picturelists for each reference picture may be provided to the decoder throughreference picture set information. The decoder adds a reference pictureto the reference picture list 0 or the reference picture list 1 based onreference picture set information.

In order to identify any one specific reference picture within areference picture list, a reference picture index (or reference index)is used.

Fractional Sample Interpolation

A sample of a prediction block for an inter-predicted current processingblock is obtained from the sample value of a corresponding referenceregion within a reference picture identified by a reference pictureindex. In this case, a corresponding reference region within a referencepicture indicates the region of a location indicated by the horizontalcomponent and vertical component of a motion vector. Fractional sampleinterpolation is used to generate a prediction sample for non-integersample coordinates except a case where a motion vector has an integervalue. For example, a motion vector of ¼ scale of the distance betweensamples may be supported.

In the case of HEVC, fractional sample interpolation of a luma componentapplies an 8 tab filter in the traverse direction and longitudinaldirection. Furthermore, the fractional sample interpolation of a chromacomponent applies a 4 tab filter in the traverse direction and thelongitudinal direction.

FIG. 6 is an embodiment to which the present invention may be appliedand illustrates integers for ¼ sample interpolation and a fractionsample locations.

Referring to FIG. 6, a shadow block in which an upper-case letter(A_i,j) is written indicates an integer sample location, and a block nothaving a shadow in which a lower-case letter (x_i,j) is writtenindicates a fraction sample location.

A fraction sample is generated by applying an interpolation filter to aninteger sample value in the horizontal direction and the verticaldirection. For example, in the case of the horizontal direction, the 8tab filter may be applied to four integer sample values on the left sideand four integer sample values on the right side based on a fractionsample to be generated.

Inter-Prediction Mode

In HEVC, in order to reduce the amount of motion information, a mergemode and advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP) may be used.

1) Merge mode

The merge mode means a method of deriving a motion parameter (orinformation) from a spatially or temporally neighbor block.

In the merge mode, a set of available candidates includes spatiallyneighboring candidates, temporal candidates and generated candidates.

FIG. 7 is an embodiment to which the present invention may be appliedand illustrates the location of a spatial candidate.

Referring to FIG. 7(a), whether each spatial candidate block isavailable depending on the sequence of {A1, B1, B0, A0, B2} isdetermined. In this case, if a candidate block is not encoded in theintra-prediction mode and motion information is present or if acandidate block is located out of a current picture (or slice), thecorresponding candidate block cannot be used.

After the validity of a spatial candidate is determined, a spatial mergecandidate may be configured by excluding an unnecessary candidate blockfrom the candidate block of a current processing block. For example, ifthe candidate block of a current prediction block is a first predictionblock within the same coding block, candidate blocks having the samemotion information other than a corresponding candidate block may beexcluded.

When the spatial merge candidate configuration is completed, a temporalmerge candidate configuration process is performed in order of {T0, T1}.

In a temporal candidate configuration, if the right bottom block T0 of acollocated block of a reference picture is available, the correspondingblock is configured as a temporal merge candidate. The collocated blockmeans a block present in a location corresponding to a currentprocessing block in a selected reference picture. In contrast, if not, ablock T1 located at the center of the collocated block is configured asa temporal merge candidate.

A maximum number of merge candidates may be specified in a slice header.If the number of merge candidates is greater than the maximum number, aspatial candidate and temporal candidate having a smaller number thanthe maximum number are maintained. If not, the number of additionalmerge candidates (i.e., combined bi-predictive merging candidates) isgenerated by combining candidates added so far until the number ofcandidates becomes the maximum number.

The encoder configures a merge candidate list using the above method,and signals candidate block information, selected in a merge candidatelist by performing motion estimation, to the decoder as a merge index(e.g., merge_idx[x0][y0]′). FIG. 7(b) illustrates a case where a B1block has been selected from the merge candidate list. In this case, an“index 1 (Index 1)” may be signaled to the decoder as a merge index.

The decoder configures a merge candidate list like the encoder, andderives motion information about a current prediction block from motioninformation of a candidate block corresponding to a merge index from theencoder in the merge candidate list. Furthermore, the decoder generatesa prediction block for a current processing block based on the derivedmotion information (i.e., motion compensation).

2) Advanced Motion Vector Prediction (AMVP) Mode

The AMVP mode means a method of deriving a motion vector predictionvalue from a neighbor block. Accordingly, a horizontal and verticalmotion vector difference (MVD), a reference index and aninter-prediction mode are signaled to the decoder. Horizontal andvertical motion vector values are calculated using the derived motionvector prediction value and a motion vector difference (MVDP) providedby the encoder.

That is, the encoder configures a motion vector predictor candidatelist, and signals a motion reference flag (i.e., candidate blockinformation) (e.g., mvp_IX_flag[x0][y0]′), selected in motion vectorpredictor candidate list by performing motion estimation, to thedecoder. The decoder configures a motion vector predictor candidate listlike the encoder, and derives the motion vector predictor of a currentprocessing block using motion information of a candidate block indicatedby a motion reference flag received from the encoder in the motionvector predictor candidate list. Furthermore, the decoder obtains amotion vector value for the current processing block using the derivedmotion vector predictor and a motion vector difference transmitted bythe encoder. Furthermore, the decoder generates a prediction block forthe current processing block based on the derived motion information(i.e., motion compensation).

In the case of the AMVP mode, two spatial motion candidates of the fiveavailable candidates in FIG. 7 are selected. The first spatial motioncandidate is selected from a {A0, A1} set located on the left side, andthe second spatial motion candidate is selected from a {B0, B1, B2} setlocated at the top. In this case, if the reference index of a neighborcandidate block is not the same as a current prediction block, a motionvector is scaled.

If the number of candidates selected as a result of search for spatialmotion candidates is 2, a candidate configuration is terminated. If thenumber of selected candidates is less than 2, a temporal motioncandidate is added.

FIG. 8 is an embodiment to which the present invention is applied and isa diagram illustrating an inter-prediction method.

Referring to FIG. 8, the decoder (in particular, the inter-predictionunit 261 of the decoder in FIG. 2) decodes a motion parameter for aprocessing block (e.g., a prediction unit) (S801).

For example, if the merge mode has been applied to the processing block,the decoder may decode a merge index signaled by the encoder.Furthermore, the motion parameter of the current processing block may bederived from the motion parameter of a candidate block indicated by themerge index.

Furthermore, if the AMVP mode has been applied to the processing block,the decoder may decode a horizontal and vertical motion vectordifference (MVD), a reference index and an inter-prediction modesignaled by the encoder. Furthermore, the decoder may derive a motionvector predictor from the motion parameter of a candidate blockindicated by a motion reference flag, and may derive the motion vectorvalue of a current processing block using the motion vector predictorand the received motion vector difference.

The decoder performs motion compensation on a prediction unit using thedecoded motion parameter (or information) (S802).

That is, the encoder/decoder perform motion compensation in which animage of a current unit is predicted from a previously decoded pictureusing the decoded motion parameter.

FIG. 9 is an embodiment to which the present invention may be appliedand is a diagram illustrating a motion compensation process.

FIG. 9 illustrates a case where a motion parameter for a current blockto be encoded in a current picture is uni-direction prediction, a secondpicture within LIST0, LIST0, and a motion vector (−a, b).

In this case, as in FIG. 9, the current block is predicted using thevalues (i.e., the sample values of a reference block) of a location (−a,b) spaced apart from the current block in the second picture of LIST0.

In the case of bi-directional prediction, another reference list (e.g.,LIST1), a reference index and a motion vector difference aretransmitted. The decoder derives two reference blocks and predicts acurrent block value based on the two reference blocks.

Motion Information Scale Change Method

The motion vector of the existing inter-prediction (i.e.,inter-prediction) includes information having a scale of ¼-pel. Thevalue of a motion vector may be different depending on each processingblock. If the value of a motion vector increases, the amount ofinformation to be transmitted from the encoder to the decoder is alsoincreased.

The present invention proposes a method of adaptively changing theunit/scale of information that belongs to additional informationindicative of an inter-predicted block and that is related to a motionvector in order to improve performance of inter-prediction. Furthermore,there is proposed a method of signaling a change of the scale from theencoder to the decoder.

For example, in the present invention, the scale of a motion vector maybe used as a ¼ pixel (¼-pel) or an integer pixel (int-pel) scaledepending on circumstances. Accordingly, an absolute value can bereduced by transmitting information related to a motion vector in aninteger pixel unit without departing from the range that does notgreatly deteriorates the accuracy of an inter-predicted block. As aresult, the amount of transmitted additional information signaled to thedecoder is reduced.

Embodiment 1

FIG. 10 illustrates a method of performing inter-prediction by applyingmotion vector scale adaptation according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

Referring to FIG. 10, whether MV scale adaptation is applied or not maybe determined in a picture, slice or processing block unit. In thiscase, the decoder may determine whether to apply MV scale adaptationbased on a rule predetermined with the encoder. Alternatively, whetherto apply MV scale adaptation may be indicated by a flag signaled by theencoder. FIG. 10 illustrates a case where whether to apply MV scaleadaptation is indicated by a flag.

If the flag is off (i.e., a flag value is 0) (i.e., if generalizedmotion estimation (ME) is applied) (1001), as in the existing method(e.g., HEVC method), a motion vector (MV), a motion vector predictor(MVP), and a motion vector difference (MVd) may be used. In this case,all of the MV, MVP, and the MVd may have a value of a ¼-pel scale.

If the flag is on (i.e., a flag value is 1) (i.e., if MV scaleadaptation is applied) (1002), a round function may be applied to the MVand MVP in order to make the MVd a value of an int-pel scale. If theround function is applied to the MV and MVP, the MV and MVP of a ¼-pelscale, each one having a value of an int-pel scale, may be obtained.

Likewise, the MVd is a difference obtained by subtracting the MVP fromthe MV, and thus an MVd of a ¼-pel scale having a value of an int-pelscale can be obtained.

That is, a value obtained from a difference obtained by the MVP from theMV may always have a value of an int-pel scale. In this case, the MVd isexpressed as a ¼-pel scale, and thus the MVd may always be indicated asa multiple of 4.

Furthermore, the encoder may transfer the scaled MVd (i.e., MVd/4) tothe decoder (1003). That is, the encoder may convert the MVd into anint-pel scale (i.e., MVd/4) and transmit it to the decoder. As describedabove, if the MVd/4 is transmitted, the amount of information used totransmit the MVd can be reduced.

FIG. 11 illustrates a method of performing inter-prediction using motionvector scale adaptation according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

As described above, the decoder may determine whether to apply MV scaleadaptation according to a rule predetermined with the encoder or inresponse to a flag signaled by the encoder. In this case, FIG. 11illustrates a case where the flag is transmitted by the encoder.

Referring to FIG. 11, the decoder parses a flag transmitted by theencoder (S1101).

The decoder derives an MVP (S1102). In this case, the decoder may obtainthe MVP using motion information of previously decoded blocks asdescribed above.

If, as a result of the parsing of the flag at S1101, the flag is on, thedecoder determines that a received MVd is an int-pel scale (i.e., scaledMVd) and performs MV scale adaptation (S1103).

That is, at step S1102, the decoder rounds the derived MVP (round(MVP)).Furthermore, the decoder multiplies the scaled MVd received from theencoder by 4.

That is, the decoder converts the received scaled MVd in a ¼-pel scale.Furthermore, the decoder obtains an MV by adding the rounded MVP and theMVd. In this case, a value obtained by multiplying the scaled MVdreceived from the encoder by 4 is [round(MV)-round(MVP)]. If the valueis added to a round(MVP), an MV (i.e., round(MV)) of a ¼-pel scalehaving a value of an int-pel scale is derived.

Meanwhile, if, as a result of the parsing of the flag at step S1101, theflag is off, the decoder determines that the received MVd is a ¼-pelscale (i.e., an MVd on which motion vector scale adaptation has not beenapplied), and performs a generalized MV generation procedure like theexisting method (e.g., HEVC method) (S1104).

That is, the decoder derives an MV by adding the MVP derived at stepS1102 and the MVd received from the encoder. In this case, the MV mayhave a value of a ¼-pel scale.

As described above, if MV scale adaptation is applied, distortion mayincrease because an error is generated in an MV, but bits for signalingan MVd can be reduced. Accordingly, MV scale adaptation may be appliedto a case where a gain is obtained from a rate-distortion cost (RDcost).

Embodiment 2

In the method proposed in Embodiment 1, a value obtained from acorresponding difference by applying a round function to an MV and anMVP may always have a value of an int-pel scale. Accordingly, if thevalue is expressed in a ¼-pel scale, it is always expressed in amultiple of 4. Accordingly, the amount of additional information isreduced by transmitting the value to the decoder in an MVd/4 form.

However, in general, the round function has an error. For example, if around is used as the round function, the round function has an error ofa maximum of ½. For example, in the case of the method proposed inEmbodiment 1, an MVd is calculated as the results of operation obtainedby two round functions, and thus a maximum error is doubled (½ for eachfunction) and thus each round function has an error of one int-pel.Accordingly in the method proposed in Embodiment 2 according to thepresent invention, an error can reduced, and an MVd can also be scaleddown when MV scale adaptation is applied.

FIG. 12 illustrates a method of performing inter-prediction using motionvector scale adaptation according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

As described above, the decoder may determine whether to apply MV scaleadaptation according to a rule predetermined with the encoder or inresponse to a flag signaled by the encoder. In this case, FIG. 12illustrates a case where a flag is transmitted by the encoder.

If the flag is off (i.e., a flag value is 0) (i.e., if a generalizedmotion estimation (ME) is applied) (1201), a motion vector (MV), amotion vector predictor (MVP), and a motion vector difference (MVd) maybe used like the existing method (e.g., HEVC method). That is, all ofthe MV, MVP, and MVd may have a value of a ¼-pel scale.

If the flag is on (i.e., a flag value is 1) (i.e., if MV scaleadaptation is applied) (1202), unlike in Embodiment 1, the roundfunction is not directly applied to an MV and an MVP. Accordingly, as inthe generalized ME, an MVd is obtained from a difference between an MVand an MVP.

In this case, in accordance with the method proposed in Embodiment 2,the round function may be applied to the MVd obtained from thedifference between the MV and the MVP. As a result, an MVd of a ¼-pelscale having a value of an int-pel scale may be obtained. As describedabove, the MVd is expressed in a ¼-pel scale, and the MVd may always beindicated as a multiple of 4.

Accordingly, as a result, the encoder may transfer a scaled MVd (i.e.,MVd/4) to the decoder (1203). That is, the encoder may convert the MVdin an int-pel scale (i.e., MVd/4) and transfer it to the decoder. Asdescribed above, if the MVd/4 is transmitted, the amount of informationused to transmit the MVd can be reduced.

However, in this case, the encoder uses a value obtained by adding theMVP and the round(MV-MVP) as an actual MV in order to use the same MV asthat of the decoder. This is described in more detail later.

In this case, unlike in the method proposed in Embodiment 1, the roundfunction is applied to only one the final MVd. Accordingly, a maximumerror becomes ½ and thus can be reduced to half the method proposed inEmbodiment 1.

FIG. 13 illustrates a method of performing inter-prediction using motionvector scale adaptation according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

As described above, the decoder may determine whether to apply MV scaleadaptation according to a rule predetermined with the encoder or inresponse to a flag signaled by the encoder. However, FIG. 13 illustratesa case where the flag is transmitted by the encoder.

Referring to FIG. 13, the decoder parses a flag transmitted by theencoder (S1301).

The decoder derives an MVP (S1302). In this case, as described above,the decoder may obtain the MVP using motion information of previouslydecoded blocks.

If, as a result of the parsing of the flag at S1301, the flag is on, thedecoder determines that a received MVd is an int-pel scale (i.e., scaledMVd) and performs MV scale adaptation (S1303).

That is, the decoder multiples a scaled MVd received from the encoder by4. That is, the decoder converts the received scaled MVd in a ¼-pelscale. Furthermore, the decoder obtains an MV by adding the MVP receivedat step S1302 and the MVd. In this case, a value obtained by multiplyingthe scaled MVd received from the encoder by 4 is [round(MV-MVP)]. If thevalue is added to the MVP, an MV (i.e., round(MV-MVP)+MVP) of a ¼-pelscale is derived.

Meanwhile, if, as a result of the parsing of the flag at step S1301, theflag is off, the decoder determines that the received MVd is a ¼-pelscale (i.e., an MVd to which motion vector scale adaptation has not beenapplied), and performs a generalized MV generation procedure as in theexisting method (e.g., HEVC method) (S1304).

That is, the MV is derived by adding the MVP derived at step S1302 andthe MVd received from the encoder. In this case, the MV may have a valueof a ¼-pel scale.

Meanwhile, in Embodiments 1 and 2, the round function has been assumedand described, for convenience of description, but the present inventionis not limited thereto. That is, ceiling operation or floor operationmay be used instead of the round operation. Alternatively, theaforementioned operations (i.e., round, ceiling and floor operations)may be selectively combined and used.

Furthermore, if the MVd obtained through MV scale adaptation used inEmbodiment 1 and 2 is 0, MV scale adaptation may not be applied. In thiscase, conventional motion information may be used without any changed.The reason for this is that if an MVd of 0 is obtained, an informationamount reduction effect in transmitting a down-scaled MVd cannot beobtained.

Accordingly, in order to check whether an MVd obtained through MV scaleadaptation is 0, the decoder may perform flag parsing for MV scaleadaptation after motion information, in particular, after MVd parsing isended.

Furthermore, the methods proposed in Embodiment 1 and 2 are forincreasing coding efficiency through a reduction of the amount ofinformation of an MVd, and may not be applied to a case where motioninformation is derived as in the merge mode.

Hereinafter, the present invention proposes a method of additionallysignaling a motion vector difference (MVD). In this case, an MVD value(in particular, an MVD absolute value −2) may correspond to theaforementioned scaled MVD and an MVD generated by the existing method.

TABLE 1 Descriptor mvd_coding( x0, y0, refList ) {abs_mvd_greater0_flag[ 0 ] ae(v) abs_mvd_greater0_flag[ 1 ] ae(v) if(abs_mvd_greater0_flag[ 0 ] ) abs_mvd_greater1_flag[ 0 ] ae(v) if(abs_mvd_greater0_flag[ 1 ] ) abs_mvd_greater1_flag[ 1 ] ae(v) if(abs_mvd_greater0_flag[ 0 ] ) { if( abs_mvd_greater1_flag[ 0 ] )abs_mvd_minus2[ 0 ] ae(v) mvd_sign_flag[ 0 ] ae(v) } if(abs_mvd_greater0_flag[ 1 ] ) { if( abs_mvd_greater1_flag[ 1 ] )abs_mvd_minus2[ 1 ] ae(v) mvd_sign_flag[ 1 ] ae(v) } }

Referring to Table 1, in the existing inter-prediction (i.e.,inter-prediction), a motion vector difference is signaled using fourabs_mvd_greater0_flag, abs_mvd_greater1_flag, abs_mvd_minus2, andmvd_sign_flag syntax (or semantic).

The meaning of each syntax (or semantic) is listed in Table 2.

Table 2 illustrates syntaxes (or semantics) related to a motion vectordifference (MVD).

TABLE 2 Syntax Meaning abs_mvd_greater0_flag Indicate whether absolutevalue of MVd is greater than 0 abs_mvd_greater1_flag Indicate whetherabsolute value of MVd is greater than 1 abs_mvd_minus2 Absolute value ofMVd − 2 mvd_sign_flag Sign of MVd

Referring to Table 1 and Table 2, with respect to an MVD having thesmallest value, encoding is possible using the least information througha flag. With respect to an MVD having a great value, an absolute valueand a symbol are encoded.

Hereinafter, the present invention proposes a method of grouping anabsolute value (abs_mvd_minus2) of an MVD into a specific intervalwithout encoding/decoding the absolute value, indicating that theabsolute indicates which value in the interval with respect to ascaled-down MVD value, and encoding/decoding the absolute value.Accordingly, the amount of information used to encode/decode an MVD, andthus the amount of additional information is reduced.

Hereinafter, in the description of the present invention, the “absolutevalue of an MVD” (i.e., a value of abs_mvd_minus2) is indicated as“MVD-2”, for convenience of description.

Embodiment 3

FIG. 14 illustrates a method of encoding/decoding a motion vectordifference according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 illustrates a case where MVD-2 values are grouped every twovalues.

Referring to FIG. 14, the encoder may encode an MVD having a value of 0,1 using the same method as the existing method.

Furthermore, the encoder may group the remaining values of MVD-2 everytwo values for each interval, may make the start values 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, .. . of the respective intervals smaller numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . byscaling down each of the start values to ½ (i.e., by dividing the startvalue by 2), and may perform encoding. Furthermore, an additional flagmay be used so that any one of two values belonging to each interval canbe selected. That is, an MVD-2 value may be transferred to the decoderas information (e.g., an additional flag) for indicating the start valueof a interval to which MVD-2 scaled down to ½ belongs and the locationof an MVD-2 value within the corresponding interval.

Accordingly, in accordance with the present embodiment, an additionalflag is used to transmit an MVD-2 value. However, the use of theadditional flag is offset through the gain of bits obtained by scalingdown the start value of a interval to which a corresponding MVD belongsto ½. Accordingly, MVD-2 can be binary-encoded using smaller bits thanbits used for the transmission of the existing MVD-2.

The decoder may decode an MVD having a value of 0, 1 from a bit stringreceived from the encoder using the same method as the existing method.Furthermore, the decoder may decode the start value of a interval towhich MVD-2 scaled down to ½ and information (e.g., a flag) forindicating the location of the MVD-2 value within the correspondinginterval from the bit string received from the encoder with respect tothe remaining values of MVD-2. Furthermore, the decoder may identify ainterval to which MVD-2 belongs by up-scaling the decoded start valuetwice, and may identify the MVD-2 value based on the information forindicating the location of the decoded MVD-2 value within thecorresponding interval.

Embodiment 4

FIG. 15 illustrates a method of encoding a motion vector differenceaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 illustrates a case where MVD-2 values are grouped every threevalues.

Referring to FIG. 15, the encoder may encode an MVD having a value of 0,1 using the same method as the existing method.

Furthermore, the encoder may group the remaining values of MVD-2 everythree values for each interval, may make the start values 0, 3, 6, 9, .. . of the respective intervals, may make the start values 0, 3, 6, 9, .. . smaller numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . by scaling down the start valuesto ⅓ (i.e., by dividing each start value by 3), and may encode the startvalues. Furthermore, an additional index may be used so that any one ofthree values belonging to each interval can be selected. That is, anMVD-2 value may be transferred to the decoder as information (e.g., anadditional index) for indicating the start value of a interval to whichMVD-2 scaled down to ⅓ belongs and the location of the MVD-2 valuewithin the corresponding interval.

In this case, in order to encode the additional index, truncated unary(TU) code may be used. The TU code is illustrated in Table 3 and Table4.

TABLE 3 Entry TU code a 0 a + 1 10 a + 2 11

TABLE 4 Entry TU code a 1 a + 1 01 a + 2 00

Table 3 and Table 4 illustrate TU code whose code size graduallyincreased from “a” to a+1 and a+2, but the present invention is notlimited thereto. The sequence of TU code may be randomly changed. Thatis, the smallest bit may be assigned to “a+2”, and the size of code mayincrease toward “a+1” and “a.” Furthermore, TU code of a form in whichthe smallest bit is assigned to “a+1” may be used.

In the present embodiment, as in Embodiment 3, the amount of informationused to encode an additional index is offset through a gain of bitsobtained by scaling down the start value of each interval for MVD-2 to ⅓and transmitting the value. Accordingly, MVD-2 can be binary-encodedusing smaller bits than bits used for the existing MVD-2 transmission.

The decoder may decode an MVD having a value of 0, 1 from a bit stringreceived from the encoder using the same method as the existing method.Furthermore, the decoder may decode the start value of a interval towhich MVD-2 down-scaled to ⅓ belongs and information (e.g., an index)for indicating the location of the MVD-2 value within the correspondinginterval from the bit string received from the encoder with respect tothe remaining values of MVD-2. Furthermore, the decoder may identify theinterval to which the MVD-2 belongs by up-scaling the decoded startvalue three times, and may identify the MVD-2 value based on theinformation for indicating the location of the decoded MVD-2 valuewithin the corresponding interval.

Embodiment 5

FIG. 16 illustrates a method of encoding a motion vector differenceaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates a case where MVD-2 values are grouped every fourvalues.

Referring to FIG. 16, the encoder may encode an MVD having a value of 0,1 using the same method as the existing method.

Furthermore, the encoder may group the remaining values of MVD-2 everyfour values for each interval, may make the start values 0, 4, 8, . . .of each interval smaller numbers 0, 1, 2, . . . by scaling down thestart values to ¼ (i.e., by dividing each start value by 4), and mayencode the start values. Furthermore, an additional index may be used sothat any one of four values belonging to each interval may be selected.That is, the MVD-2 value may be transferred to the decoder as the startvalue of a interval to which the MVD-2 scaled down to ¼ belongs andinformation (e.g., an additional index) for indicating the location ofthe MVD-2 value within the corresponding interval.

In this case, in order to encode the additional index, fixed 2-bit codemay be used or binary encoding of a different form, such as TU code orGolomb code, may be used.

The decoder may decode the MVD having a value of 0, 1 from a bit stringreceived from the encoder using the same method as the existing method.Furthermore, the decoder may decode the start value of a interval towhich MVD-2 down-scaled ¼ belongs and information (e.g., an index) forindicating the location of the MVD-2 value within the correspondinginterval from the bit string received from the encoder with respect tothe remaining values of MVD-2. Furthermore, the decoder may identify theinterval to which the MVD-2 belongs by up-scaling the decoded startvalue four times, and may identify the MVD-2 value based on theinformation for indicating the location of the decoded MVD-2 valuewithin the corresponding interval.

If the methods proposed in Embodiments 3 to 5 are generalized, they maybe generalized using a method of grouping MVD-2 every N values for eachinterval. In this case, the start value of each interval may be madeinto a smaller number by scaling down the start value to 1/N andencoded. Additional information (i.e., information for indicating thelocation of MVD-2 within a corresponding interval, for example, a flagor an index) for selecting one of N values belonging to each interval isrequired. Furthermore, in order to encode the additional information, aspecific binary encoding method may be used.

In this case, the decoder may decode an MVD having a value of 0, 1 froma bit string received from the encoder using the same method as theexisting method. Furthermore, the decoder may decode the start value ofa interval to which MVD-2 down-scaled to 1/N belongs and information(e.g., an index) for indicating the location of the MVD-2 value withinthe corresponding interval from the bit string received from the encoderwith respect to the remaining values of MVD-2. Furthermore, the decodermay identify the interval to which the MVD-2 belongs by up-scaling thedecoded start value N times, and may identify the MVD-2 value based onthe information for indicating the location of the decoded MVD-2 valuewithin the corresponding interval.

Meanwhile, in Embodiments 3 to 5, a case where the start value of theinterval to which the MVD-2 value belongs has been illustrated, but thepresent invention is not limited thereto. A specific value (e.g., thelast value of each interval) within the interval to which the MVD-2value belongs may be used.

In this case, the size of N may be previously fixed or may have beenpreviously known to both the encoder and the decoder.

Furthermore, the size of the interval N that groups the values of MVD-2may be variably determined. In this case, the encoder may signalinformation about the size of the interval N that groups the value ofMVD-2 to the decoder.

For example, the information may be transmitted through a sequenceparameter set (SPS), a picture parameter set (PPS), a video parameterset (VPS), a slice header or the like, or may be transmitted in a CTB,CU or PU unit. For example, if information about the size of N issignaled in the SPS, MVD-2 is grouped every N values for each intervalin a corresponding sequence and may be binary-encoded/decoded using themethods described in the aforementioned embodiments.

In contrast, for another example, if information about the size of N issignaled in a slice header, the encoder may set an optimal interval of adifferent value for each slice. In this case, MVD-2 is grouped every Nvalues for each interval depending on the size of N set for each sliceand may be binary-encoded/decoded using the methods described in theaforementioned embodiments.

Furthermore, whether or not to use the aforementioned methods describedin Embodiments 3 to 5, that is, a method of grouping the values of MVD-2for each interval and binary-encoding/decoding the start value of agroup to which the MVD-2 belongs and information or identifying theMVD-2 value may be signaled to the decoder. For example, the method maybe signaled through the SPS, PPS, VPS or slice header or may be signaledin the CTB, CU or PU unit.

For example, whether or not to use the method with respect to thesequence may be signaled in the SPS, and whether or not to use themethod in the slice unit of a slice header may be signaled. If themethod is determined to be used in the slice unit, a predetermined fixedvalue may be used with respect to the size of the interval N or the sizeof the interval N may be additionally signaled and used as describedabove.

Meanwhile, the existing MVD-2 has been binary-encoded using primaryexponential Golomb code. If the size of N is a square number of 2 and anindex is binary-encoded as a bit of a fixed size in order to select N,that is, N=2{circumflex over ( )}x is satisfied, the same effect as thatthat (x+1)-th exponential Golomb code has been used is obtained.

Table 5 illustrates the number of necessary bits if MVD-2 isbinary-encoded using primary exponential Golomb code according to theexisting method.

TABLE 5 mvd abs_mvd_minus2 EG1_code_bit 0 — 0 1 — 0 2 0 2 3 1 2 4 2 3 53 3 6 4 3 7 5 3 8 6 4 9 7 4 10 8 4 11 9 4 12 10 4 13 11 4 14 12 4 15 134 16 14 5 17 15 5 18 16 5 19 17 5 20 18 5 21 19 5 22 20 5 23 21 5 24 225 25 23 5 26 24 5 27 25 5 28 26 5 29 27 5

Referring to Table 5, “abs_mvd_minus2” indicates an MVD-2 value, and an“EG1_code_bit” indicates the number of bits when MVD-2 is converted intoprimary exponential Golomb code.

Table 6 illustrates the number of bits required when the start value ofa interval to which MVD-2 down-scaled to ½ belongs and an index forspecifying the MVD-2 within the corresponding interval are encodedaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

TABLE 6 mvd abs_mvd_minus2 scale_down_mvd EG1_code_bit index_bit totalbit 0 — — 0 0 1 — — 0 0 2 0 0 2 1 3 3 1 0 2 1 3 4 2 1 2 1 3 5 3 1 2 1 36 4 2 3 1 4 7 5 2 3 1 4 8 6 3 3 1 4 9 7 3 3 1 4 10 8 4 3 1 4 11 9 4 3 14 12 10 5 3 1 4 13 11 5 3 1 4 14 12 6 4 1 5 15 13 6 4 1 5 16 14 7 4 1 517 15 7 4 1 5 18 16 8 4 1 5 19 17 8 4 1 5 20 18 9 4 1 5 21 19 9 4 1 5 2220 10 4 1 5 23 21 10 4 1 5 24 22 11 4 1 5 25 23 11 4 1 5 26 24 12 4 1 527 25 12 4 1 5 28 26 13 4 1 5 29 27 13 4 1 5

Table 7 illustrates the number of bits required when the start value ofa interval to which MVD-2 down-scaled to ¼ belongs and an index forspecifying the MVD-2 within the corresponding interval are encodedaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

TABLE 7 mvd abs_mvd_minus2 scale_down_mvd EG1_code_bit index_bit totalbit 0 — — 0 0 1 — — 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 4 3 1 0 2 2 4 4 2 0 2 2 4 5 3 0 2 2 46 4 1 2 2 4 7 5 1 2 2 4 8 6 1 2 2 4 9 7 1 2 2 4 10 8 2 3 2 5 11 9 2 3 25 12 10 2 3 2 5 13 11 2 3 2 5 14 12 3 3 2 5 15 13 3 3 2 5 16 14 3 3 2 517 15 3 3 2 5 18 16 4 3 2 5 19 17 4 3 2 5 20 18 4 3 2 5 21 19 4 3 2 5 2220 5 3 2 5 23 21 5 3 2 5 24 22 5 3 2 5 25 23 5 3 2 5 26 24 6 4 2 6 27 256 4 2 6 28 26 6 4 2 6 29 27 6 4 2 6

Referring to Tables 6 and 7, “abs_mvd_minus2” indicates an MVD-2 value,and “scale_down_mvd” indicates a value down-scaled from the start valueof a interval to which MVD-2 belongs. EG1_code_bit indicates the numberof bits when the down-scaled start value of the interval is convertedinto primary exponential Golomb code as in Table 5. “index_bit”indicates the number of bits necessary to distinguish between elementswithin each interval grouped every N. “total bit” indicates“EG1_code_bit”+“index_bit.”

If the number of bits “EG1_code_bit” in Table 5 is compared with a totalbit in Table 6 and Table 7, the same effect as that that (x+1)-thexponential Golomb code has been used is obtained in the case ofN=2{circumflex over ( )}x. That is, in the case of Table 6, since N=2,the same effect as that that secondary exponential Golomb code has beenused can be obtained. In the case of Table 7, since N=4, the same effectas that that tertiary exponential Golomb code has been used can beobtained.

Accordingly, in the aforementioned methods, the size of N may be limitedto only a square number of 2. In this case, assuming that the methodproposed in the present invention is adaptively applied for eachspecific unit, the size of N is not signaled, but the degree ofexponential Golomb code for binary-encoding MVD-2 may be signaled.Accordingly, the best binary coding can be performed.

If the method is used, as described in Embodiments 3 to 5, MVD-2 may bebinary-encoded/decoded by scaling down the start value and the index ofa interval is not additionally encoded/decoded, but the value of MVD-2itself may be directly binary-encoded/decoded into (x+1)-th exponentialGolomb code and used.

FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an intra-prediction unit according toan embodiment of the present invention.

In FIG. 17, for convenience of description, the intra-prediction unit182 (refer to FIG. 1); 262 (refer to FIG. 2) has been illustrated asbeing a single block, but the intra-prediction unit 182 may beimplemented to have a configuration included in the encoder and/or thedecoder.

Referring to FIG. 17, the intra-prediction unit 182, 262 implements thefunctions, processes and/or methods proposed in FIGS. 5 to 16.Specifically, the intra-prediction unit 182, 262 may include an MV scaleadaptation application determination unit 1701, a motion parameterdecoding unit 1702, and a prediction block generation unit 1703.

The MV scale adaptation application determination unit 1701 determineswhether to apply MV scale adaptation to a current block.

In this case, the decoder may determine whether to apply MV scaleadaptation according to a rule predetermined with the encoder.Alternatively, whether to apply MV scale adaptation may be indicated bya flag signaled by the encoder.

The motion parameter decoding unit 1702 decodes a motion parameter for acurrent block. In this case, the motion parameter decoding unit 1702 maydecode the motion parameter for the current block using the functions,processes and/or methods proposed in FIGS. 5 to 16.

In this case, if MV scale adaptation is not applied to the currentblock, the decoder may determine that a not-down-scaled MVD has beensignaled.

The decoder may derive an MVP from motion information of a neighborblock as in the existing method, and may decode an MVD signaled by theencoder. Furthermore, the decoder may derive the MV of the current blockby adding the MVP and the MVD together. In this case, all of the MV, MVPand MVd may have a value of a 1/n-pel scale (e.g., n=4).

In contrast, if MV scale adaptation is not applied to the current block,the decoder may determine that the down-scaled MVD has been signaled.

Accordingly, the decoder up-scales the down-scaled MVD signaled by theencoder. Furthermore, as in the existing method, the decoder may derivean MVP from motion information of a neighbor block. Furthermore, as inEmbodiment 1, the decoder may derive an MV by adding the MVP to whichround operation has been applied and the up-scaled MVD together. In thiscase, an MV (i.e., round(MV)), that is, a 1/n-pel scale (e.g., n=4)having a value of an int-pel scale, may be derived. Alternatively, as inEmbodiment 2, an MV may be derived by adding the MVP and the up-scaledMVD together. In this case, the MV may have a value of a 1/n-pel scale(e.g., n=4).

The prediction block generation unit 1703 generates a prediction blockfor a current block using a decoded motion parameter.

That is, the prediction block generation unit 1703 generates theprediction sample value of the current block from the sample value of areference region identified by a motion vector within a referencepicture.

FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an inter-prediction-based imageprocessing method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 18, the decoder determines whether to apply MV scaleadaptation to a current block (S1801).

In this case, the decoder may determine whether to apply MV scaleadaptation according to a rule predetermined with the encoder.Alternatively, whether to apply MV scale adaptation may be indicated bya flag signaled by the encoder.

The decoder decodes a motion parameter for the current block (S1802).

In this case, if MV scale adaptation has not been applied to the currentblock at step S1801, the decoder may determine that a not-down-scaledMVD has been signaled.

The decoder may derive an MVP from motion information of neighbor blockas in the existing method, and may decode an MVD signaled by theencoder. Furthermore, the decoder may derive the MV of the current blockby adding the MVP and the MVD together. In this case, all of the MV, MVPand MVd may have a value of a 1/n-pel scale (e.g., n=4).

In contrast, if MV scale adaptation is not applied to the current blockat step S1801, the decoder may determine that a down-scaled MVD has beensignaled.

Accordingly, the decoder up-scales the down-scaled MVD signaled by theencoder. Furthermore, the decoder may derive an MVP from motioninformation of a neighbor block as in the existing method. Furthermore,as in Embodiment 1, the decoder may derive an MV by adding the MVP towhich round operation has been applied and the up-scaled MVD together.In this case, an MV (i.e., round(MV)), that is, a 1/n-pel scale (e.g.,n=4) having a value of an int-pel scale, may be derived. Alternatively,as in Embodiment 2, an MV may be derived by adding the MVP and theup-scaled MVD together. In this case, the MV may have a value of a1/n-pel scale (e.g., n=4).

The decoder generates a prediction block for the current block using thedecoded motion parameter (S1803).

The decoder performs motion compensation in which an image of a currentunit is predicted from a previously decoded picture using the decodedmotion parameter. That is, the decoder generates a prediction samplevalue of the current block from the sample value of a reference regionidentified by a motion vector within a reference picture.

Meanwhile, the value of the MVD signaled by the encoder or thedown-scaled MVD may be encoded/decoded according to the aforementionedmethods of Embodiments 3 to 5.

In this case, if the MVD value is 0, 1, it may be decoded using the samemethod as the existing method.

In contrast, if the MVD has a value of 2 or more, it may be signaled asMVD-2. In this case, the MVD-2 may be signaled as the start value of ainterval to which MVD-2 down-scaled to 1/N belongs and information(e.g., an index) for indicating the location of the MVD-2 value withinthe corresponding interval may be signaled according to theaforementioned methods of Embodiments 3 to 5.

In the aforementioned embodiments, the elements and characteristics ofthe present invention have been combined in specific forms. Each of theelements or characteristics may be considered to be optional unlessotherwise described explicitly. Each of the elements or characteristicsmay be implemented in a form in which it is not combined with otherelements or characteristics. Furthermore, some of the elements and/orthe characteristics may be combined to form an embodiment of the presentinvention. Order of the operations described in the embodiments of thepresent invention may be changed. Some of the elements orcharacteristics of an embodiment may be included in another embodimentor may be replaced with corresponding elements or characteristics ofanother embodiment. It is evident that an embodiment may be configuredby combining claims not having an explicit citation relation in theclaims or may be included as a new claim by amendments after filing anapplication.

The embodiment according to the present invention may be implemented byvarious means, for example, hardware, firmware, software or acombination of them. In the case of an implementation by hardware, theembodiment of the present invention may be implemented using one or moreapplication-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signalprocessors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs),programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), processors, controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors,etc.

In the case of an implementation by firmware or software, the embodimentof the present invention may be implemented in the form of a module,procedure or function for performing the aforementioned functions oroperations. Software code may be stored in memory and driven by theprocessor. The memory may be located inside or outside the processor andmay exchange data with the processor through a variety of known means.

It is evident to those skilled in the art that the present invention maybe materialized in other specific forms without departing from theessential characteristics of the present invention. Accordingly, thedetailed description should not be construed as being limitative fromall aspects, but should be construed as being illustrative. The scope ofthe present invention should be determined by reasonable analysis of theattached claims, and all changes within the equivalent range of thepresent invention are included in the scope of the present invention.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The aforementioned preferred embodiments of the present invention havebeen disclosed for illustrative purposes, and those skilled in the artmay improve, change, substitute, or add various other embodimentswithout departing from the technological spirit and scope of the presentinvention disclosed in the attached claims.

1.-11. (canceled)
 12. A method of processing an image, comprising:deriving a motion vector predictor (MVP) based on motion information ofa neighbor block of a current block; obtaining a motion vectordifference (MVD) for the current block; obtaining a flag includinginformation about a resolution of the MVD; rounding the MVP based on theflag; modifying a scale of the MVD based on the flag; deriving a motionvector (MV) for the current block based on the modified MVD and therounded MVP; and generating a prediction block of the current blockbased on the derived MV.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the MVD isobtained based on a plurality of syntax elements, comprising: a firstflag including information about whether an absolute value of the MVD isgreater than 0; a second flag including information about an absolutevalue of the MVD is greater than 1, the second flag being parsed whenthe MVD is greater than 0; a value obtained by subtracting 2 from anabsolute value of the MVD; and a third flag including information abouta sign of the MVD.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the second flagand the third flag are parsed when the MVD is greater than 0, and thevalue is parsed when the second flag is not equal to
 0. 15. The methodof claim 12, wherein the modifying a scale of the MVD up-scales the MVD.16. The method of claim 12, wherein the flag is parsed when the obtainedMVD is not
 0. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the MVD is generatedby applying at least one of round, floor, and ceiling operations to avalue obtained by subtracting the MVP from the MV.
 18. The method ofclaim 12, wherein a round function is applied to the MVP and the MVD ismultiplied by 4 based on that the flag is equal to a first value. 19.The method of claim 12, wherein the MVD is grouped in units of intervalsand binary-encoded.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the MVD isencoded as a start value of an interval to which the MVD belongs andindication information for indicating the MVD within the interval. 21.The method of claim 20, wherein the start value is down-scaled at aratio of a size of the interval and transmitted.
 22. The method of claim21, wherein the size of the interval is predetermined or transmittedfrom an encoder.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the MVD is groupedin units of intervals and encoded only when the MVD is 2 or more. 24.The method of claim 19, wherein a size of the interval is set to asquare number of
 2. 25. An apparatus for processing an image,comprising: a processor configured to: derive a motion vector predictor(MVP) based on motion information of a neighbor block of a currentblock; obtain a motion vector difference (MVD) for the current block;obtain a flag including information about a resolution of the MVD; roundthe MVP based on the flag; modifying a scale of the MVD based on theflag; derive a motion vector (MV) for the current block based on themodified MVD and the rounded MVP; and generate a prediction block of thecurrent block based on the derived MV.